tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-80870970993202201192024-03-05T01:59:04.491-08:00Electric VehiclesJohn C. Briggshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12720749618749525858noreply@blogger.comBlogger11125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8087097099320220119.post-50298068823015347752015-08-14T07:30:00.000-07:002015-08-14T07:30:03.086-07:002025 Cafe Targets.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGfli38D7VGZdcJStnNp5fDPVYCNWzV2mawnSTRQ19ODdSgwiDyRPEowhQHXQECK5MlQkjLQdB9f9HLIjQzZOrKN_haa6aSBLOEvyOq2sqUzkjttRZcts8MqBY83CSkXaxJXg-_-3oRUqS/s1600/CAFE+footprint.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="511" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGfli38D7VGZdcJStnNp5fDPVYCNWzV2mawnSTRQ19ODdSgwiDyRPEowhQHXQECK5MlQkjLQdB9f9HLIjQzZOrKN_haa6aSBLOEvyOq2sqUzkjttRZcts8MqBY83CSkXaxJXg-_-3oRUqS/s640/CAFE+footprint.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
An interesting <a href="http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1099593_some-cars-today-already-meet-2025-gas-mileage-standards-did-you-know">post</a> on GreenCarReports suggests that 9 car models already meet the 2025 EPA standards. Frustratingly, however, the nine cars are not listed. The <a href="http://www.nap.edu/catalog/21744/cost-effectiveness-and-deployment-of-fuel-economy-technologies-for-light-duty-vehicles">original report </a>does have another graph with a little more insight (page 434).<br /> Two of the nine cars are the Toyota Prius and the Ford Fusion hybrid, not surprisingly. But the other cars remain mysterious.<br /> The graphic also shows that the Mitsubishi Mirage is not one of the nine.John C. Briggshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12720749618749525858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8087097099320220119.post-28311649795748799592015-02-12T08:52:00.000-08:002015-02-17T17:08:33.998-08:00Scatter Chart TestThis is a test
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google.load("visualization", "1", {packages:["corechart"]});
google.setOnLoadCallback(drawChart);
function drawChart() {
var data = google.visualization.arrayToDataTable([
['Day', 'KWH/Day'],
[16, 0.048],
[15, 0.074],
[14, 0.046],
[13, 0.206],
[12, 0.346],
[11, 0.008],
[10, 0.007],
[9, 0.010],
[8, 0.015],
[7, 0.033],
[6, 0.276],
[5, 0.430],
[4, 0.085],
[3, 0.011],
[2, 0.250],
[1, 0.376],
[0, 0.148]
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var options = {
title: 'Energy Consumption, Laptop Computer + Monitor',
hAxis: {title: 'Day', minValue: 0, maxValue: 30},
vAxis: {title: 'KWH/day', minValue: 0, maxValue: 1},
backgroundColor: 'white',
chartArea: { backgroundColor: {stroke: 'black', strokeWidth: 3 }},
pointSize: 9,
pointShape: 'diamond',
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John C. Briggshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12720749618749525858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8087097099320220119.post-55203704335775684712014-08-06T13:21:00.000-07:002014-08-06T13:21:09.209-07:00EV sales projectsMark Larsen is projecting 1,000,000 cumulative by 2017.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXD3yToBN4YtsViKFgrUkCCh4XE7n08dUfrf584ET-jkdCu7h0NYWmOIiITqUHHGM2teUt0XMVi778GM0GOOkznBbxMqUHmmFWl6G8mLDmLo54J5tSf3RAm4G4elIFAaCupYChJ4icUFfM/s1600/Mark+Larsen.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXD3yToBN4YtsViKFgrUkCCh4XE7n08dUfrf584ET-jkdCu7h0NYWmOIiITqUHHGM2teUt0XMVi778GM0GOOkznBbxMqUHmmFWl6G8mLDmLo54J5tSf3RAm4G4elIFAaCupYChJ4icUFfM/s1600/Mark+Larsen.png" height="308" width="640" /></a></div>
This is based on 5% monthly increase based on the Cumulative Number, which I feel is a mistake. The cumulative rate of increase has been steadily decreasing, as one would expect when working from a higher installed base.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 128px;"><colgroup><col span="2" style="width: 48pt;" width="64"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt; width: 48pt;" width="64">2011</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65" style="width: 48pt;" width="64">42%</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">2012</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">12%</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">2013</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">8%</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">2014</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">5%</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
So I tried 5% increase per month based on the not cumulative number. That is roughly 60% increase per year.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW_jeqeZI7WmNQzeFTBlUqvawQzr_2inENxToig4DL5rrFKYYY2wl8dnZbyJ3dBYJjRq6C06fuDuswGGxNpFQP_ON9uRGDB-c4f_ylOIOWtVCgMMKi0UzfqtZBvO4buPomJNjmsXQV2eAY/s1600/Sales+Growth.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW_jeqeZI7WmNQzeFTBlUqvawQzr_2inENxToig4DL5rrFKYYY2wl8dnZbyJ3dBYJjRq6C06fuDuswGGxNpFQP_ON9uRGDB-c4f_ylOIOWtVCgMMKi0UzfqtZBvO4buPomJNjmsXQV2eAY/s1600/Sales+Growth.PNG" height="366" width="640" /></a></div>
This obviously results in more modest projections. And because inquiring minds want to know, here is the same data in log form.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3Trx9rXiffnAIxQKoKHDBTqBib1Q8PbZijgFzgbHV0Sd-KUUUEN4db-DE6zFvT9s_vFa2RJsrRPU6Xu-LN8QijmH6t1BiKfbqVBpBUP6J_6c7lhlQmN4nRVoDC5BbIVkq-UuR0PR0vJ9X/s1600/Log+cumulative+sales.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3Trx9rXiffnAIxQKoKHDBTqBib1Q8PbZijgFzgbHV0Sd-KUUUEN4db-DE6zFvT9s_vFa2RJsrRPU6Xu-LN8QijmH6t1BiKfbqVBpBUP6J_6c7lhlQmN4nRVoDC5BbIVkq-UuR0PR0vJ9X/s1600/Log+cumulative+sales.PNG" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
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I've spoken with Mark about this and he does not agree with me.John C. Briggshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12720749618749525858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8087097099320220119.post-21100070832420070322014-02-07T19:50:00.000-08:002014-02-07T19:52:50.872-08:00Efficiency of EVs and Hydrogen Powered Vehicles.<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">If
you wanted to power your car on renewable energy, would you be better
off with an electric vehicle (EV), like the Nissan LEAF, or a hydrogen
fuel cell </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">vehicle </span>(HFCV) like the Honda FCX Clarity? There seems to be
two different opinions on this. Among the car companies, Nissan and
Tesla seem to believe that electric vehicles are the way to a green
future, whereas Honda and Toyota are firmly planted in hydrogen fuel
cell vehicle camp.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">To
be sure, both technologies have advantages and disadvantages. For me
the best part of hydrogen is a quick fillup and a long range, 240 miles
in the case of the Honda FCX Clarity. The best part of electric cars is
their highly efficient simple operation. Battery. Electric motor. Done.
On the downside, hydrogen seems to have an infrastructure problem and
probably very high costs. With EVs, the problems are all about the
battery limitations causing issues with cost, range, weight, and life.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">But
let’s set the larger picture aside for a moment and focus on
efficiency. Let’s narrow the focus still further and talk about
powering both vehicles from solar panels mounted, say, for example, on
the roof of a home. How does the efficiency of an EV compare to a HFCV?</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkqohPne9gVqqPJ8-ydqM4LKxEqusxhcZ7pd0tyzve_pBPy96ghAy7mlWApTsCv7eEFoudXMGNqxpQN4_m8pL9Hk-fI2ebXl0CG1YHGgImuMwyzClo_AIfTWhRhP357RloSREnQBXAIK64/s1600/Honda+Solar+Hydrogen+station.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkqohPne9gVqqPJ8-ydqM4LKxEqusxhcZ7pd0tyzve_pBPy96ghAy7mlWApTsCv7eEFoudXMGNqxpQN4_m8pL9Hk-fI2ebXl0CG1YHGgImuMwyzClo_AIfTWhRhP357RloSREnQBXAIK64/s1600/Honda+Solar+Hydrogen+station.jpg" height="483" width="640" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkqohPne9gVqqPJ8-ydqM4LKxEqusxhcZ7pd0tyzve_pBPy96ghAy7mlWApTsCv7eEFoudXMGNqxpQN4_m8pL9Hk-fI2ebXl0CG1YHGgImuMwyzClo_AIfTWhRhP357RloSREnQBXAIK64/s1600/Honda+Solar+Hydrogen+station.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Vehicles</span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Well the EV part is straightforward because the EPA lists the efficiency of each model sold in the USA. Let’s make the Nissan LEAF our exemplar for this discussion. The EPA says the LEAF requires 30 kWh/100 miles.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The HFCV is more complicated and comes in two parts. The first is the efficiency of the HFCV at using hydrogen. The second is the efficiency of making the hydrogen by electrolyzing water using electricity.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The efficiency of the HFCV is easy. Let’s make the Honda FCX Clarity our exemplar for this discussion. The EPA lists the efficiency of the Honda as 60 miles/kg of hydrogen. So if you purchase 1 kg of hydrogen, you can go 60 miles. </span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Electrolyzer</span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The difficult part is how much electricity does it take to make a kilogram of hydrogen. Let’s take a couple of different approaches to answering that.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">First Try</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">: In 2010 Honda introduced a new version of its solar powered hydrogen generator, shown in the picture. It is a very cool piece of technology that uses a high differential pressure PEM electrolyzer that can make high pressure hydrogen directly without the need for a compressor (Gizmag, “Honda’s next gen solar-powered hydrogen fuel station for home use”, 2010). That is a big deal because it saves on both electricity and noise. The station slowly makes 0.5 kg hydrogen overnight (8 hours) from grid electricity and transfers it to the car, i.e. no hydrogen storage in the home, saving on tanks. It really sounds like overnight home charging of EVs more than anything. But that 0.5 kg made overnight is only going to make the car travel 30 miles, compared to a full overnight charge on the LEAF EV allowing it to travel 84 miles. But I digress, ...back to efficiency.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The press release doesn’t give the energy efficiency of the station directly, so we need to do a little inferring. The 6 KW array is supposed to supply enough power to produce 0.5 kg/day. Well a 6 KW array will produce about 24 kwh/day (more in the summer, less in the winter). So that means it takes 24kWh/0.5 kg or </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">48 kWh/kg</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Second Try</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">: A 2009 report from NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory) entitled “Hydrogen Resource Assessment” by Milbrandt and Mann researched the efficiency of commercially available electrolyzers. The number NREL uses in their analysis is </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">58.8 kWh/kg </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">which is based on the average of four different electrolyzers. The number does not seem to include the energy needed to compress the hydrogen to, say, 5000 psi, which would raise the number higher. The number is about 25% more than the approximation from the Honda Solar hydrogen generator which is interesting because Honda claims their 2010 system is 25% more efficient than their previous model. So perhaps the 48 kWh/kg is a good approximate number.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Third Try</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">: From chemistry, it is possible to calculate the energy needed to convert liquid water into hydrogen and oxygen gas. The details of the process are described in a book called “Solar Hydrogen Generation: Toward a Renewable Energy Future” on page 57. It takes </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">39 kWh/kg</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> to convert liquid water into hydrogen and oxygen gas. This value is known as the higher heating value. But when a fuel cell in a car converts hydrogen gas back into water, the water comes out in the form of steam. So it is only possible to recover the so-called lower heating value of 33 kWh/kg. So even with no losses in the system, this process is only 85% (33/39) efficient just because we start with liquid water in the electrolyzer but end up with steam coming out of the tailpipe of the HFCV. So 39 kWh/kg is the lowest possible amount of electricity that could be used to by the electrolyzer.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">And the Final Answer Is</span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">So we have three values, 39, 48, and 58.8 kWh/kg. Let’s give the benefit of the doubt to the HFCV and choose the middle number of 48 kWh/kg. The actually number is probably a little higher, closer to the NREL number, but perhaps Honda has built a better mousetrap.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Armed with that number, it is now possible to calculate the efficiency of the HFCV.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">48 kWh/kg / 60 miles/kg = 0.8 kWh/mile = </span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">HFCV 80 kWh/100 miles </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">BEV 30 kWh/100 miles</span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">That means it takes a </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">whopping 2.6× more electricity to power a HFCV than an EV</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. If both are powered by the sun, the HFCV would need 2.6× more solar panels. As a practical matter, if you own two HFCVs, the 12 KW solar array will be much too large to place on the roof of a typical home.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">So given this difference, why are the car companies and the EPA still interested in HFCV? The efficiency is poor. The cars are shaping up to be very expensive (even by EV standards). Oh, and there is this infrastructure problem. Sure, EVs have a little bit of infrastructure to deal with too, but for less than $2000, you can at least install an EVSE (“charger”) in your home and drive to and from work. Filling up with hydrogen will likely need to be done in the old gas-station model. Hydrogen stations will need to build in clusters starting, say, in South California, and working their way out.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Hydrogen does have its advantages. In addition to being able to make it from water, it can be made from steam reforming of natural gas. It can even be made from coal, if need be. So there is some flexibility there that helps address the energy security needs.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Exiting from the tailpipe of HFCV is nothing but water, so local pollution issues are not a problem. That is definitely a good thing.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">An if, and it’s a big if, the hydrogen infrastructure could be put in place, a HFCV could be operated in the same way as a gasoline car. Drive 240 miles and stop at the nearest hydrogen station to fill up again.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">And perhaps if gasoline cars are used as a baseline for comparison, rather than EVs, the HFCV doesn’t look so inefficient. Of course it isn’t much of a step forward either.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkTtRMVejPloaN1MkE6VWNuQNyLwEG8ZoA2rpWjSPOm5cFQrOFv19kxvFFPzDBcgnQ9SvLobWi2BeyVmDEwHJgtgs_GcvU5GwduSlOl19iNIqm6WnE2Q-C_BQTkouvVqlW_mW1X4zThWMX/s1600/Solar-Park-with-Nissan-LEAF.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkTtRMVejPloaN1MkE6VWNuQNyLwEG8ZoA2rpWjSPOm5cFQrOFv19kxvFFPzDBcgnQ9SvLobWi2BeyVmDEwHJgtgs_GcvU5GwduSlOl19iNIqm6WnE2Q-C_BQTkouvVqlW_mW1X4zThWMX/s1600/Solar-Park-with-Nissan-LEAF.jpg" height="480" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Efficiency for the Win</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">In the end though, in matters of energy, efficiency generally wins out. For each little bit of improvement in efficiency, there is just that much less coal to dig up, or oil to pump out, or solar panels to buy, making the more efficient system worth paying little more for up-front. Of course, in the case of EVs versus HFCV, maybe the more efficient EV system is actually less expensive, but we will not know for a few more years once HFCV start being sold, perhaps in 2015.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Let’s put it this way, if you can get a 6 KW solar PV array on the roof of your home, it can be used to power either one HFCV, or two EVs plus the house itself. That makes EVs a very big win indeed.</span></div>
John C. Briggshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12720749618749525858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8087097099320220119.post-77890089863167785292014-01-26T06:21:00.001-08:002014-01-26T06:26:31.033-08:00Vehicle Particulate Emissions<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">{Author's note: this post is about ICEs not EVs} </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTJPl9eq1fJS5KL6VKwJu_vUwCZooBBSOnpfVdRmxBpJRKNcK_bJhZuuJdDCaNeSRpEMmgLKCLnMEb4tHYEgb2Og1j4YS5yf7sgJGiaMgE3Z9fbOuFbA0FndUi3ve931XFZOkF-NPDdK3Q/s1600/particulates.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTJPl9eq1fJS5KL6VKwJu_vUwCZooBBSOnpfVdRmxBpJRKNcK_bJhZuuJdDCaNeSRpEMmgLKCLnMEb4tHYEgb2Og1j4YS5yf7sgJGiaMgE3Z9fbOuFbA0FndUi3ve931XFZOkF-NPDdK3Q/s1600/particulates.jpg" height="312" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Atmospheric particulate matter are tiny particles suspended in air. The particles can be both naturally occurring (volcanos, dust storms) or man-made/anthropogenic (vehicle emissions, power plants, concrete manufacturing). Anthropogenic atmospheric particulate matter “is consistently and independently” are related to the most serious health effects including lung cancer and and cardiopulmonary deaths. (Wikipedia, “Particulates).</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Various government agencies have been working to reduce particulate emissions from a range of sources, chief among them are cars and trucks. The classic source of particulate emissions is the older diesel cars and trucks that can be seen puffing out black smoke. Modern diesels use particulate filters and frequently emit fewer particles than many directed injected gasoline engines.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Emissions regulations are an array of acronyms, bins, phase in dates, and other confusing jargon. In the USA, this is further complicated by there being two different sets of emissions regulations, one created by the EPA, the other created by California but followed by many other states that can choose between either EPA or California rules. It is slightly bizarre that the state of Massachusetts (for example) is subjected to California air quality laws.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Below are the particulate emissions limits created by the EPA which uses a “bin” system of which bin 5 is generally considered the most important because that is the median number that vehicle manufacturers must meet. Note that emission will be reduced by almost two orders of magnitude (200 down to 3 mg/mile) from 1991 to 2025.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">EPA</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1991 200 mg/mile (Tier 0)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1994 80 mg/mile (Tier 1)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2004 10 mg/mile (Tier 2)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2017-2025 3 mg/mile (Tier 3)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">California has a similar system (with different acronyms of course) that concludes with </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1 mg/mile</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> particulate specification by 2028. I wonder if there will be fewer particulates coming out of the engine than going in at that point in time</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">California</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2004-2007 80 mg/mile LEV1</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2015-2019 10 mg/mile (LEV2)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2017-2021 3 mg/mile (LEV3)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2025-2028 1 mg/mile (LEV3)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Europeans have been on top of this problem as well, which is probably more important over there because of the high penetration of diesel engines in the passenger vehicle market. Interestingly, 2014 will be the first year when they implement particulate emissions requirements on DI (direct injected) gasoline engines reflecting the tendency of DI engines to produce more particulate emissions than modern particulate filtered diesels.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Euro</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1992 PM=140 mg/km, diesel, (Euro 1)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1996 PM=100 mg/km, diesel, (Euro 2)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2000 PM=50 mg/km, diesel, (Euro 3)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2005 PM=25 mg/km, diesel, (Euro 4)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2011 PM=4.5 mg/km, PN=6e11 particles/km, diesel, (Euro 5b)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2014 PM=4.5 mg/km, PN=6e11 particles/km,diesel+gasoline, (Euro 6)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Emissions regulations are very complicated and the above numbers should be taken as general trends. Undoubtedly an expert would talk about the phase-in dates and the percentages of vehicles that need to meet a given specification on a given year, or that the number only need to be achieved as a “fleet average” not for an individual vehicle, or that certain changes in gross vehicle weight will change the specification. All that is true but the above numbers are intended to give a quick overview of the requirements, something that is desperately needed in the emissions literature. This could be a book writing opportunity. Who wouldn’t want a copy of “Particulate Emissions for Dummies” under their Christmas tree.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.meca.org/galleries/files/LEV_III_Tier_3_white_paper_final.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.meca.org/galleries/files/LEV_III_Tier_3_white_paper_final.pdf</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://delphi.com/pdf/emissions/Delphi-Passenger-Car-Light-Duty-Truck-Emissions-Brochure-2013-2014.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://delphi.com/pdf/emissions/Delphi-Passenger-Car-Light-Duty-Truck-Emissions-Brochure-2013-2014.pdf</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.epa.gov/otaq/standards/light-duty/tier2stds.htm" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.epa.gov/otaq/standards/light-duty/tier2stds.htm</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://delphi.com/pdf/emissions/Delphi-Passenger-Car-Light-Duty-Truck-Emissions-Brochure-2012-2013.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://delphi.com/pdf/emissions/Delphi-Passenger-Car-Light-Duty-Truck-Emissions-Brochure-2012-2013.pdf</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.dieselnet.com/standards/eu/ld.php" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">https://www.dieselnet.com/standards/eu/ld.php</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span>John C. Briggshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12720749618749525858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8087097099320220119.post-75460645071679622992013-10-23T10:01:00.000-07:002013-10-23T10:12:07.709-07:00Driving Tesla Model S as fast as you can with Supercharging.With Tesla adding an Autobahn tuning package, it made me wonder if driving fast in a Model S would just leave you hanging around the SuperCharger more often. Perhaps a little bit of calculation can shed some light.<br />
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First, I started with a graph from Tesla of battery consumption versus speed. Unfortunately that graph only went up to 80 mph, so I had to extend it (yes I know that exponential is probably not exactly correct, but it's close).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_C9pyM6VHUO4SdzitB4J-hbFXKD_NvLrClNKk5LzYzj1UI6K-isyXPD-hGBMKFxPHHRfkFao8tMPywkmuCQDHrqGIEozoee2SvlwY_Ux9JfkZMK3c4i8EhC8B93lIESBvy5WnbTu-2nsL/s1600/Tesla+Supercharging.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_C9pyM6VHUO4SdzitB4J-hbFXKD_NvLrClNKk5LzYzj1UI6K-isyXPD-hGBMKFxPHHRfkFao8tMPywkmuCQDHrqGIEozoee2SvlwY_Ux9JfkZMK3c4i8EhC8B93lIESBvy5WnbTu-2nsL/s1600/Tesla+Supercharging.jpg" /></a></div>
Having that data, I needed to make some assumptions about the Superchargers. If they are 120 KW, they can charge an 85KWH battery in 0.708 hours. Sure, I know it would take much longer than that because the last 20% of charge is slow, but I'm just trying to get a rough estimate here.<br />
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So with some simple math, we can figure out the "running time" and the "charging time" and compute an "aggregate MPH". <br />
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<td style="width: 48pt;" width="64"><br /></td>
<td style="width: 48pt;" width="64"><br /></td>
<td style="width: 48pt;" width="64">Running</td>
<td style="width: 48pt;" width="64">Charging</td>
<td style="width: 33pt;" width="44">Total</td>
<td style="width: 48pt;" width="64"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">Speed</td>
<td><br /></td>
<td>range</td>
<td>Time</td>
<td>Time</td>
<td>Time</td>
<td>Agrregate<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">miles/hour</td>
<td>WH/miles</td>
<td>(miles)</td>
<td>hours</td>
<td>hours</td>
<td>Hours</td>
<td>MPH</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">10</td>
<td align="right">220</td>
<td align="right" class="xl63">386</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">38.6</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">0.71</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">39.34</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">9.8</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">15</td>
<td align="right">195</td>
<td align="right" class="xl63">436</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">29.1</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">0.71</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">29.77</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">14.6</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">20</td>
<td align="right">190</td>
<td align="right" class="xl63">447</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">22.4</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">0.71</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">23.08</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">19.4</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">25</td>
<td align="right">190</td>
<td align="right" class="xl63">447</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">17.9</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">0.71</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">18.60</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">24.0</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">30</td>
<td align="right">195</td>
<td align="right" class="xl63">436</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">14.5</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">0.71</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">15.24</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">28.6</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">35</td>
<td align="right">200</td>
<td align="right" class="xl63">425</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">12.1</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">0.71</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">12.85</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">33.1</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">40</td>
<td align="right">215</td>
<td align="right" class="xl63">395</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">9.9</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">0.71</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">10.59</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">37.3</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">45</td>
<td align="right">225</td>
<td align="right" class="xl63">378</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">8.4</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">0.71</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">9.10</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">41.5</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">50</td>
<td align="right">245</td>
<td align="right" class="xl63">347</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">6.9</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">0.71</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">7.65</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">45.4</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">55</td>
<td align="right">265</td>
<td align="right" class="xl63">321</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">5.8</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">0.71</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">6.54</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">49.0</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">60</td>
<td align="right">285</td>
<td align="right" class="xl63">298</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">5.0</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">0.71</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">5.68</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">52.5</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">65</td>
<td align="right">315</td>
<td align="right" class="xl63">270</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">4.2</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">0.71</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">4.86</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">55.5</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">70</td>
<td align="right">340</td>
<td align="right" class="xl63">250</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">3.6</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">0.71</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">4.28</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">58.4</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">75</td>
<td align="right">365</td>
<td align="right" class="xl63">233</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">3.1</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">0.71</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">3.81</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">61.1</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">80</td>
<td align="right">400</td>
<td align="right" class="xl63">213</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">2.7</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">0.71</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">3.36</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">63.2</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">85</td>
<td align="right" class="xl63">429</td>
<td align="right" class="xl63">198</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">2.3</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">0.71</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">3.04</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">65.2</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">90</td>
<td align="right" class="xl63">463</td>
<td align="right" class="xl63">183</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">2.0</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">0.71</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">2.75</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">66.8</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">95</td>
<td align="right" class="xl63">501</td>
<td align="right" class="xl63">170</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">1.8</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">0.71</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">2.49</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">68.0</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">100</td>
<td align="right" class="xl63">542</td>
<td align="right" class="xl63">157</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">1.6</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">0.71</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">2.28</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">68.9</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">105</td>
<td align="right" class="xl63">586</td>
<td align="right" class="xl63">145</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">1.4</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">0.71</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">2.09</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">69.4</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">110</td>
<td align="right" class="xl63">633</td>
<td align="right" class="xl63">134</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">1.2</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">0.71</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">1.93</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">69.6</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">115</td>
<td align="right" class="xl63">684</td>
<td align="right" class="xl63">124</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">1.1</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">0.71</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">1.79</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">69.4</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">120</td>
<td align="right" class="xl63">740</td>
<td align="right" class="xl63">115</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">1.0</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">0.71</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">1.67</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">69.0</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">125</td>
<td align="right" class="xl63">800</td>
<td align="right" class="xl63">106</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">0.8</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">0.71</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">1.56</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">68.2</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">130</td>
<td align="right" class="xl63">865</td>
<td align="right" class="xl63">98</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">0.8</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">0.71</td>
<td align="right" class="xl65">1.46</td>
<td align="right" class="xl64">67.1</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
That puts the optimal speed (in a time sense) at an impressive 110 mph. Realistically, optimal speed will probably be a slower than that due to charging issues.<br />
<br />
Unfortunately, the aggregate speed is only 69 mph considering the charging time. It will mean driving for 1.2 hours and then charging for 0.71 hours. That might be slightly painful.<br />
<br />
The only thing worse, would be to go for optimal efficiency and drive at 25 miles./hour which would be 17.9 hours of driving and 0.71 hours of charging. Bathroom break anyone?<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />John C. Briggshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12720749618749525858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8087097099320220119.post-47951339766149824642013-09-06T06:43:00.003-07:002013-09-09T18:27:05.883-07:00table test This is a test of exporting from Excel<br />
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<h1 style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 800;">
EV Monthly Sales</h1>
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<col style="mso-width-alt: 1280; mso-width-source: userset; width: 26pt;" width="35"></col>
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<td class="xl6321543" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt; width: 28pt;" width="37">2013</td>
<td class="xl6321543" style="width: 36pt;" width="48">Chevy</td>
<td class="xl6321543" style="width: 36pt;" width="48">Nissan</td>
<td class="xl6321543" style="width: 35pt;" width="47">Toyota</td>
<td class="xl6321543" style="width: 32pt;" width="42">Ford</td>
<td class="xl6321543" style="width: 32pt;" width="42">Mitsu</td>
<td class="xl6321543" style="width: 32pt;" width="42">Toyota</td>
<td class="xl6321543" style="width: 35pt;" width="46">Honda</td>
<td class="xl6321543" style="width: 34pt;" width="45">Honda</td>
<td class="xl6321543" style="width: 32pt;" width="43">Ford</td>
<td class="xl6321543" style="width: 34pt;" width="45">Ford</td>
<td class="xl6321543" style="width: 27pt;" width="36">Smart</td>
<td class="xl6321543" style="width: 35pt;" width="47">Chevy</td>
<td class="xl6321543" style="width: 26pt;" width="35">Fiat</td>
<td class="xl6321543" style="width: 37pt;" width="49">Tesla</td>
<td class="xl6321543" style="width: 44pt;" width="59">Monthly</td>
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<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td class="xl6321543" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">Mon</td>
<td class="xl6321543">Volt</td>
<td class="xl6321543">Leaf</td>
<td class="xl6321543">PiP</td>
<td class="xl6321543">Focus</td>
<td class="xl6321543">i</td>
<td class="xl6321543">RAV4</td>
<td class="xl6321543">Fit</td>
<td class="xl6321543">Accord</td>
<td class="xl6321543">C-Max</td>
<td class="xl6321543">Fusion</td>
<td class="xl6321543">ED</td>
<td class="xl6321543">Spark</td>
<td class="xl6321543">500E</td>
<td class="xl6321543">Mod. S</td>
<td class="xl6321543">Total</td>
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<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td class="xl6421543" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">Jan</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none;">1,140</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none;">650</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none;">874</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none;">81</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none;">257</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none;">25</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none;">8</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none;">2</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none;">338</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none;">0</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none;">2</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none;">0</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none;">0</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none;">1,200</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none;">4,577</td>
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<td class="xl6621543" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">Feb</td>
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<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">653</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">693</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">158</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">337</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">52</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">15</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">17</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">334</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">119</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">0</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">0</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">0</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">1,400</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">5,404</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td class="xl6421543" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">Mar</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">1,478</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">2,236</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">786</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">180</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">31</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">133</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">23</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">26</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">494</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">295</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">0</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">0</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">0</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">2,300</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">7,982</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td class="xl6621543" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">Apr</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">1,306</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">1,937</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">599</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">147</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">127</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">70</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">22</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">55</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">411</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">364</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">0</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">0</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">0</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">2,100</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">7,138</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td class="xl6421543" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">May</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">1,607</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">2,138</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">678</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">157</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">91</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">84</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">15</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">58</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">450</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">416</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">60</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">0</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">0</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">1,700</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">7,454</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td class="xl6621543" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">Jun</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">2,698</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">2,225</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">584</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">177</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">39</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">44</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">208</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">42</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">455</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">390</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">53</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">27</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">0</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">1,350</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">8,292</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td class="xl6421543" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">Jul</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">1,788</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">1,864</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">817</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">150</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">46</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">109</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">63</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">54</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">433</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">407</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">58</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">103</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">150</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">700</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">6,742</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td class="xl6621543" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">Aug</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">3,351</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">2,420</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">1,791</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">175</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">30</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">231</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">66</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">44</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">621</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">600</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">182</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">102</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">160</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">1,300</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">11,073</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td class="xl6421543" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">Sep</td>
<td class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6421543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6421543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td class="xl6621543" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">Oct</td>
<td class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6621543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6621543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td class="xl6421543" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">Nov</td>
<td class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6421543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6421543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td class="xl6621543" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">Dec</td>
<td class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6721543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6621543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
<td class="xl6621543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;"> </td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td class="xl6421543" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">YTD</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">14,994</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">14,123</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">6,822</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">1,225</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">958</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">748</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">420</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">298</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">3,536</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">2,591</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">355</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">232</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">310</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">12,050</td>
<td align="right" class="xl6521543" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">58,662</td>
</tr>
<tr height="0" style="display: none;">
<td style="width: 28pt;" width="37"></td>
<td style="width: 36pt;" width="48"></td>
<td style="width: 36pt;" width="48"></td>
<td style="width: 35pt;" width="47"></td>
<td style="width: 32pt;" width="42"></td>
<td style="width: 32pt;" width="42"></td>
<td style="width: 32pt;" width="42"></td>
<td style="width: 35pt;" width="46"></td>
<td style="width: 34pt;" width="45"></td>
<td style="width: 32pt;" width="43"></td>
<td style="width: 34pt;" width="45"></td>
<td style="width: 27pt;" width="36"></td>
<td style="width: 35pt;" width="47"></td>
<td style="width: 26pt;" width="35"></td>
<td style="width: 37pt;" width="49"></td>
<td style="width: 44pt;" width="59"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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John C. Briggshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12720749618749525858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8087097099320220119.post-47067187268348203552012-02-29T08:56:00.000-08:002012-02-29T08:56:26.335-08:00Prius vs Smart<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPcmendC7udOBdpZT_S-0sj6RY1KLgxs4aTz3XP3JgLE3GkpkUlFPPkAy4ZM2xdrj6Atb9y7Bo-mFCxVBrljdratailjC8JSrgXOWp9BRTWXc6CPBp3WbwPPPhUTKEx2VKJrTqxZwUNw44/s1600/Prius+vs+smart.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPcmendC7udOBdpZT_S-0sj6RY1KLgxs4aTz3XP3JgLE3GkpkUlFPPkAy4ZM2xdrj6Atb9y7Bo-mFCxVBrljdratailjC8JSrgXOWp9BRTWXc6CPBp3WbwPPPhUTKEx2VKJrTqxZwUNw44/s1600/Prius+vs+smart.jpg" /></a></div>Which has better Smog, Prius or a Smart.John C. Briggshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12720749618749525858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8087097099320220119.post-19569724999671679062012-02-04T19:24:00.000-08:002012-02-04T19:29:25.915-08:00Nissan LEAF and Coulomb Technology Charging Stations in Lexington MASometimes, something only becomes real to you when you experience yourself. Now matter how many times people tell you something, you don't really get it until much later. So it was with me today, but more on that later.<br />
<br />
An acquaintance and neighbor here in Lexington MA (Gray Watson), who helped inspire my solar PV purchase, recently purchased a Nissan LEAF. He graciously invited me over to see it, ride in it, and best of all, drive it!!<br />
<br />
Firstly, let me say that I enjoy the look of the LEAF from the inside more than the outside. The inside is filled with a clean interior, heated seats, heated steering wheel and nice built in navigation system. The outside...well... the picture is below and I will let you be the judge.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb1x2YyQrR6A0S_CdgI093rRDDBj-YsWuvWUMfteGQ8XtvcHPToygDXksO5gA0LxxJWNAkw6r-sFu0-Uo-qwsZbh64q9azMXoHiWl3zZuuk-dWDZJHOp87koLQnHdzancTei2aH-3dlVGc/s1600/LEAF.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb1x2YyQrR6A0S_CdgI093rRDDBj-YsWuvWUMfteGQ8XtvcHPToygDXksO5gA0LxxJWNAkw6r-sFu0-Uo-qwsZbh64q9azMXoHiWl3zZuuk-dWDZJHOp87koLQnHdzancTei2aH-3dlVGc/s1600/LEAF.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoiKsfbpaArhX87wacb-OLVvYLBVg9upIoZ_JPEIDw4pfwFvYub1MpuEtJK9CK08KehVzXqEJIN7izdbjEuF3FOt8FjICkB9VQO4dc5FaAt4pKrKQKd9oCLFBcTC4evGi3F6VceNdZpNnJ/s1600/Coulomb_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> </a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Also, to provide a complete solution, Gray has a 5KW solar array on the roof of his house to free himself not only from oil, but from fossil fuel based electricity as well. Very nice.</div><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQm8n3OPiqrvIdQhBGyomuBeMtvbnv2WNyvXiNJkEb3ZSKDt8wAJn82diaETxbYkK5F3cwoZ8czRVDAxeUu013_aso0dbuf6MbnM6oQuiNAhai8k4PLsr_bbJjdKbDJlpU9G9Fp3M-hpwL/s1600/Leaf_house.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQm8n3OPiqrvIdQhBGyomuBeMtvbnv2WNyvXiNJkEb3ZSKDt8wAJn82diaETxbYkK5F3cwoZ8czRVDAxeUu013_aso0dbuf6MbnM6oQuiNAhai8k4PLsr_bbJjdKbDJlpU9G9Fp3M-hpwL/s1600/Leaf_house.jpg" /></a></div><br />
And where does one go when test driving an electric car? To check out the local charging stations in town. These Coulomb Technologies charging stations were recently installed in Lexington MA and you can be directed to them from the CarWings navigation system that shows all the charging points in the USA. There are three charging stations. At the moment, the stations are behind barricades because new parking meters have yet to be installed. Fortunately the barricades were not to heavy and we moved them.<br />
<br />
Gray unlocked the charging station by passing a Charge Point America card in front of the unit. This released the J1772 electrical connector which he plugged into the nose of the LEAF. The LEAF responded with a very satisfied audio tone.<br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoiKsfbpaArhX87wacb-OLVvYLBVg9upIoZ_JPEIDw4pfwFvYub1MpuEtJK9CK08KehVzXqEJIN7izdbjEuF3FOt8FjICkB9VQO4dc5FaAt4pKrKQKd9oCLFBcTC4evGi3F6VceNdZpNnJ/s1600/Coulomb_1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoiKsfbpaArhX87wacb-OLVvYLBVg9upIoZ_JPEIDw4pfwFvYub1MpuEtJK9CK08KehVzXqEJIN7izdbjEuF3FOt8FjICkB9VQO4dc5FaAt4pKrKQKd9oCLFBcTC4evGi3F6VceNdZpNnJ/s1600/Coulomb_1.jpg" /></a></div>Interestingly, the parking meters are not yet installed because someone decided to increase the maximum parking time from 2 hours to 4 hours for the new EV charging spots. That is a good call because it could take the LEAF 4 hours to fully charge. Anyone for a relaxed slow dinner in town? Charging is free, but you will still have to feed the meter.<br />
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<div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCu2EGH-mLlt-KAWc3Ab6q4DOgpue5Mf0vTncE9LLBwfVsI0QV2vByGOdjlAk7DC8XFzSTliT3ljFmMkq3eBKmGRAYCivM0-T9H62OQGiSSYB83hrZZWCGZU2Y2bk4UvCSTQxy-lCF-Cau/s1600/Leaf_charging.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCu2EGH-mLlt-KAWc3Ab6q4DOgpue5Mf0vTncE9LLBwfVsI0QV2vByGOdjlAk7DC8XFzSTliT3ljFmMkq3eBKmGRAYCivM0-T9H62OQGiSSYB83hrZZWCGZU2Y2bk4UvCSTQxy-lCF-Cau/s1600/Leaf_charging.jpg" /></a> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8k9ZnJZPpBWcic0u5hyANrKrGWpGpMU21TKHRUhzQkWu0QZdYf_jnvbMmRQCQulvXR5WInfBzQT1gT84sYnlQVWFXk7qXW13Vi4ha-eCQXmQTkbo0wLzmmFp7kdEhFGbcw3V2Kk_7Br_Y/s1600/Leaf_Charging_2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8k9ZnJZPpBWcic0u5hyANrKrGWpGpMU21TKHRUhzQkWu0QZdYf_jnvbMmRQCQulvXR5WInfBzQT1gT84sYnlQVWFXk7qXW13Vi4ha-eCQXmQTkbo0wLzmmFp7kdEhFGbcw3V2Kk_7Br_Y/s1600/Leaf_Charging_2.jpg" /></a></div><br />
Next we headed over to the Element hotel on the other side of town. This also had a charging station but unfortunately that one didn't appear to be working. So that hybrid drivers didn't feel left out, the hotel created some dedicated hybrid parking spots. However, I suspect the low sports car under the yellow cover is not really a hybrid (but I didn't peek). <br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRgtJwGNaYpepdofh2czTTcF66p7vh45M7IqNXCQzNeoWklkhrwMsNzZBSaLdgms-dFFpoNiAAk0vjxwqjeafpWH36knZd08x_gicuzn_Y6O5CVrOCZyjMmEz6gPnjL21G7aMYNIfq4boW/s1600/Coulomb_at_element.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRgtJwGNaYpepdofh2czTTcF66p7vh45M7IqNXCQzNeoWklkhrwMsNzZBSaLdgms-dFFpoNiAAk0vjxwqjeafpWH36knZd08x_gicuzn_Y6O5CVrOCZyjMmEz6gPnjL21G7aMYNIfq4boW/s1600/Coulomb_at_element.jpg" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNXqBj6oPRZypIqFB8JZbzxuH5Wx7m6GSVooyj3mfyi_-w5B4GQb2WDPq0HaF4xjtn4geMtmtJ3uaC1SBblIedICJOo58sC-YzM3n-zaf8KGKaZxqt9l7d7rxK1FO40WyUb7g0_YBOA32o/s1600/hybrid_parking.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNXqBj6oPRZypIqFB8JZbzxuH5Wx7m6GSVooyj3mfyi_-w5B4GQb2WDPq0HaF4xjtn4geMtmtJ3uaC1SBblIedICJOo58sC-YzM3n-zaf8KGKaZxqt9l7d7rxK1FO40WyUb7g0_YBOA32o/s1600/hybrid_parking.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb1x2YyQrR6A0S_CdgI093rRDDBj-YsWuvWUMfteGQ8XtvcHPToygDXksO5gA0LxxJWNAkw6r-sFu0-Uo-qwsZbh64q9azMXoHiWl3zZuuk-dWDZJHOp87koLQnHdzancTei2aH-3dlVGc/s1600/LEAF.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div> On the way home, a black Chevy Volt passed directly in front of our car. This is only the second time I have seen one here <i>in the wild</i> and I felt is was a good sign.<br />
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On the way home, I was appreciating the huge torque of the electric motor, the lack of any transmission (or shifting), and the surprising quiet of electric drive. It really struck me how luxurious driving an electric car feels. This is really driving as it should be. No repeated up-shifting of the transmission as you accelerate. No starter motor sounds when you begin your journey. No additional noise when you step on the accelerator pedal. So nice.<br />
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As I said goodbye to the happy new owner of the LEAF and climbed back into my 2004 Corolla with manual shift, I experienced a real Epiphany. The Corolla required all this senseless shifting and generated all this unnecessary noise and I want to return to the LEAF and drive it home instead.<br />
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People have told me for years about EVs being a better driving experience, but only now do I feel like I really get it. Next consideration, can I really afford the $35,000 for such a vehicle.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCu2EGH-mLlt-KAWc3Ab6q4DOgpue5Mf0vTncE9LLBwfVsI0QV2vByGOdjlAk7DC8XFzSTliT3ljFmMkq3eBKmGRAYCivM0-T9H62OQGiSSYB83hrZZWCGZU2Y2bk4UvCSTQxy-lCF-Cau/s1600/Leaf_charging.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>John C. Briggshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12720749618749525858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8087097099320220119.post-71410855891211889082012-02-02T10:06:00.000-08:002012-02-04T12:06:16.700-08:00Volt Battery Only $2400, See, I told you so.UPDATE: As for the $2400 Volt battery. Chelsea Sexton contacted GM and they said this was some sort of warranty only price for the dealer and not available to the general public.<br />
So we are still left to guess the price of the Volt battery. <br />
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Well, so much for all those people saying that the Volt battery costs $12,000 or more. You can buy it directly from GM for $2400. Nice.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0R_mvlsmmmklPEv3_A2j7jubF5WpQY2MAA2cPme9G1EhuZSxcNi39koYm4wPDX6cxWKdiJ1_U9R3NpJsYq5YbQ7lTKc_S7IbbEzyPKqiXd117cGSOVyaEJjYCVOPzdvdP8DiMXGjYPL01/s1600/Volt+Battery.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0R_mvlsmmmklPEv3_A2j7jubF5WpQY2MAA2cPme9G1EhuZSxcNi39koYm4wPDX6cxWKdiJ1_U9R3NpJsYq5YbQ7lTKc_S7IbbEzyPKqiXd117cGSOVyaEJjYCVOPzdvdP8DiMXGjYPL01/s1600/Volt+Battery.jpg" /></a></div>But I suspect there is more to the story.John C. Briggshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12720749618749525858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8087097099320220119.post-73591297893600232172011-09-28T20:03:00.001-07:002012-03-10T06:30:16.088-08:00EPA Efficiency For Electric VehiclesAs more and more electric vehicles start getting through the EPA testing process, it is becoming clear that some companies know how to make efficient electric vehicles and some do not. Leaving aside questions about the EPA process, and reducing all the EPA numbers down to one number (combined MPGe), some trends can be observed.<br />
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</a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5TLVMZ6pDoqX_n3JKxB46MiqHnMfY91JEcVV1wenQEIfiTUG_VCqG_PSsWa9GYHUFe04Tha1ft6WMpO6idbB-1TcBJsYHkVNI2M9zI6SlBXuPrUUnT4bQ-m0nFnTUAoR6JM8rZocqp7iS/s1600/EV+MPGe+new.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5TLVMZ6pDoqX_n3JKxB46MiqHnMfY91JEcVV1wenQEIfiTUG_VCqG_PSsWa9GYHUFe04Tha1ft6WMpO6idbB-1TcBJsYHkVNI2M9zI6SlBXuPrUUnT4bQ-m0nFnTUAoR6JM8rZocqp7iS/s1600/EV+MPGe+new.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
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<i><b>Weight matters but it is not everything</b></i>: We all know that weight is bad for both racing and fuel efficiency, yet some manufacturers have not gotten the "light weight religion" yet. Consider the 5300 pound Fisker Karma for example and it position relative to the trendline shown on the graph. Sure at 5300 lbs, there is no way the Karma will be efficient, but from the looks of the graph, if Telsa, Ford, or BMW had built it, even at 5300 lbs, they would have gotten a lot higher MPGe.<br />
Perhaps the most direct comparison in weight terms is the Ford Focus EV and the CODA sedan which both weigh about 3700 lbs. Ford manages 105 MPGe where as CODA only manages 70% of that at 73 MPGe meaning the CODA really likes to chow down on charge.<br />
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<b>Purpose-Built EVs Better, some notable exceptions:</b> Generally, EVs that have been purpose-built, as opposed to adapted, have better efficiency. The from-the-ground-up built as EVs, Volt, LEAF, and Tesla Roadster all have excellent efficiency, where as the conversions of SMART, CODA, and AZURE Connect all have very low efficiency. But perhaps this has more to do with the technical acumen of the companies involved than whether on not the EV shares components with an ICE sister vehicle. <br />
There are some remarkable EVs that were not purpose built as EVs. The Mitsubishi "i" (or i-MiEV) is the second most efficient (112 MPGe) EV available and it is a conversion from a popular "kei" car sold in Japan, although the US version has modifications to pass US crash tests. The third most efficient vehicle, the Ford Focus EV (105 MPGe), is perhaps more remarkable because of its larger size and practical hatchback design. Now if only Ford would set a more reasonable price and start selling them. Perhaps most impressive at 102 MPGe is the BMW ActiveE. As a conversion, the vehicle is very heavy (4000 lbs), yet manages to edge out the much lighter Nissan LEAF which achieves a respectable 99 MPGe. The reason the BMW is most impressive is that they are planning to build a 2700 lbs BMW i3 which, given the efficiency of the ActiveE, may blow the doors off the competition in terms of efficiency.<br />
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<b>Looking Ahead</b>: Amory Lovins of the Rocky Mountain Institute in his book called "Reinventing Fire" describes a vision of so-called Revolutionary+ vehicles which combine lightweight design with electric drive trains. One extreme example of that thinking is the Edison2 eVLC test vehicle that recently got a <b>245 MPGe </b>EPA rating due to its low weight (1140 lbs) and low drag (0.16). While not a production vehicle, it hints of what is possible. A more likely candidate for the showrooms is the BMW i3 (formerly MegaCity) supposedly coming in 2013. At a weight of 2700 pounds, it is about 600 lbs lighter than the Nissan LEAF and will undoubtedly yield impressive MPGe ratings.<br />
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<b> PS</b>: As author John Voelcker often points out, MPG is a non-linear scale and it is really better to use some form of "consumption" metric in this type of data analysis. The graph below shows the same data but in terms KWH/100 miles. Note that <i>smaller number are better</i>. <br />
The comments about the MPGe chart still hold true with the Fisker Karma looking even worse than before.<br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.9pt; width: 509px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.95pt;" valign="top" width="39"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Year</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.3pt;" valign="top" width="92"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Manufacturer </span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Model</span></div></td> <td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.4pt;" valign="top" width="99"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt;">City/ hwy/ comb.</span></div></td> <td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 83.3pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt;">City/hwy/comb.</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.75pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Cd</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.4pt;" valign="top" width="63"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Wt.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.95pt;" valign="top" width="39"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.3pt;" valign="top" width="92"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div></td> <td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: double windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.4pt;" valign="top" width="99"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt;">(kwh/100miles)</span></div></td> <td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: double windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 83.3pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt;">(mpge)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.75pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.4pt;" valign="top" width="63"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">(lbs)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 17.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.95pt;" valign="top" width="39"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2011</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.3pt;" valign="top" width="92"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tesla</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Roadster</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.8pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">29</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.8pt;" valign="top" width="32"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">32</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.8pt;" valign="top" width="33"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">30</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.75pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">124</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.8pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">112</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.75pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">119</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.75pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0.35</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.4pt;" valign="top" width="63"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2723</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 21.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.95pt;" valign="top" width="39"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2012</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.3pt;" valign="top" width="92"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mitsubishi </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">i-Miev</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.8pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">27</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.8pt;" valign="top" width="32"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">34</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.8pt;" valign="top" width="33"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">30</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.75pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">126</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.8pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">99</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.75pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">112</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.75pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0.35</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.4pt;" valign="top" width="63"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2579</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.95pt;" valign="top" width="39"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2011</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.3pt;" valign="top" width="92"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Nissan</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LEAF</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.8pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">32</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.8pt;" valign="top" width="32"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">37</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.8pt;" valign="top" width="33"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">34</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.75pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">106</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.8pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">92</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.75pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">99</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.75pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0.28</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.4pt;" valign="top" width="63"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3366</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.95pt;" valign="top" width="39"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2012</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.3pt;" valign="top" width="92"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Chevy</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Volt</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.8pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">36</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.8pt;" valign="top" width="32"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">37</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.8pt;" valign="top" width="33"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">36</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.75pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">95</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.8pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">90</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.75pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">93</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.75pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0.28</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.4pt;" valign="top" width="63"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3781</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.95pt;" valign="top" width="39"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2011</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.3pt;" valign="top" width="92"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Smart</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ForTwo</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.8pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">36</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.8pt;" valign="top" width="32"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">43</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.8pt;" valign="top" width="33"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">39</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.75pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">94</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.8pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">97</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.75pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">87</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.75pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0.38</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.4pt;" valign="top" width="63"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2077</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 18.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.95pt;" valign="top" width="39"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2012</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.3pt;" valign="top" width="92"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Azure Dyn.</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Transit</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.8pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">55</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.8pt;" valign="top" width="32"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">54</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.8pt;" valign="top" width="33"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">54</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.75pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">62</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.8pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">62</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.75pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">62</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.75pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.4pt;" valign="top" width="63"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3985</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.95pt;" valign="top" width="39"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2012</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.3pt;" valign="top" width="92"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">BMW</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Active E</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.8pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.8pt;" valign="top" width="32"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.8pt;" valign="top" width="33"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">33</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.75pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">107</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.8pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">96</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.75pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">102</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.75pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.4pt;" valign="top" width="63"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4000</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.95pt;" valign="top" width="39"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2011</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.3pt;" valign="top" width="92"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Fisker</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Karma</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.8pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.8pt;" valign="top" width="32"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.8pt;" valign="top" width="33"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">65</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.75pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.8pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.75pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">52</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.75pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0.31</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.4pt;" valign="top" width="63"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">5300</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.95pt;" valign="top" width="39"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2012</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.3pt;" valign="top" width="92"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ford</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Focus</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.8pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black;">31</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.8pt;" valign="top" width="32"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black;">34</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.8pt;" valign="top" width="33"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">32</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.75pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">110</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.8pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">99</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.75pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">105</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.75pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.4pt;" valign="top" width="63"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3691</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.95pt;" valign="top" width="39"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2012</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.3pt;" valign="top" width="92"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">CODA</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sedan</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.8pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black;">44</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.8pt;" valign="top" width="32"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black;">50</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.8pt;" valign="top" width="33"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">46</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.75pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">77</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.8pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">68</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.75pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">73</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.75pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.4pt;" valign="top" width="63"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3670</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div>John C. Briggshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12720749618749525858noreply@blogger.com0